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...2.1.1 Network History The history of computer networking is complex. It has involved many people from all over the world over the past 35 years. Presented here is a simplified view of how the Internet evolved. The processes of invention and commercialization are far more complicated, but it is helpful to look at the fundamental development. In the 1940s computers were large electromechanical devices that were prone to failure. In 1947 the invention of a semiconductor transistor opened up many possibilities for making smaller, more reliable computers. In the 1950s mainframe computers, which were run by punched card programs, began to be used by large institutions. In the late 1950s the integrated circuit that combined several, then many, and now millions, of transistors on one small piece of semiconductor was invented. Through the 1960s mainframes with terminals were commonplace, and integrated circuits were widely used. In the late 1960s and 1970s, smaller computers, called minicomputers came into existence. However, these minicomputers were still very large by modern standards. In 1977 the Apple Computer Company introduced the microcomputer, also known as the personal computer. In 1981 IBM introduced its first personal computer. The user-friendly Mac, the open-architecture IBM PC, and the further micro-miniaturization of integrated circuits led to widespread use of personal computers in homes and businesses. In the mid-1980s users with stand-alone......
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Nt1210 Intro to Networking Lab 2.3
...NT1210 Lab 2.3 Network types and Topolgies Exercise 2.3.1 Briefly define LAN, MAN, PAN, and WAN. What is the critical distinction for these networks? LAN=Local Area Network. Which is a computer network that links devices within a building or group of adjacent buildings MAN=Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data network designed for a town or city. In terms of geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local-area networks [LANs], but smaller than wide-area networks [WANs]. MANs are usually characterized by very high-speed connections using fiber optical cable or other digital media. WAN=Wide Area Network. A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks [LANs]. Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet. PAN=PAN is short for Personal Area Network Based on the electric-field transmission medium, is an IBM technology that allows individuals to exchange data with a simple touch or grasp, such as a handshake. A PAN user is equipped with a receiver and a transmitter, which constantly sends infinitesimal data-carrying currents -- in the 0.1-1 MHz band -- through the body and picks up currents when in very close range with another device or individual carrying a transmitter. Exercise 2.3.2 Briefly......
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Itm Lan, Man, Wan
...slide Defintion : Computer Network means a collection of interconnected Computer or devices Different types of networks Major LAN ,WAN, MAN , also can, ban,pan 3rd slide- application- staright forward 4TH SLIDE TOPOLOGY DEFINITION- A TOPOLOGY REPRESENT THE RELATIONSHIP OF ALL THE LINKS & DEVICES. MESH TOPOLOGY- EVERY DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO EVERY OTHER DEVICE VIA DEDICATED POINT TO POINT LINK STAR TOPLOGY- STAR TOPOLGY CONSISTS OF A HUB.ALL THE DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TO THIS HUB.THE DEVICES ARE NOT CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER. BUS TOPOLOGY- ALL DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TO THE LONG CABLE[BACKBONE] USING DROPLINES & TAPS. RING TOPOLGY-EACH DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO THE NEXT DEVICE;WITH THE LAST DEVICE CONNECTED BACK TO THE FIRST DEVICE. 5th slide Lan- * Definition-Computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area [for details refer wiki] * Characteristics-higher data-transfer rates[SPEED], smaller geographic area, and minimum need forleased telecommunication lines. * Technology -Previously ARCNET,Token Ring were used..At present Wifi, Ethernet are being used. * Application- home, school, computer laboratory 6th slide Advantages- straight forward 7th slide MAN- * Defintion- A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks[LANs] using a high-capacity backbone technology. * Characteristic- Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan......
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Everything
...TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Maninder Kaur What is Network? A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources [such as printers and CDs], exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. Different Types of Networks Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as: Local Area Network [LAN] Metropolitan Area Network [MAN] Wide Area Network [WAN] Personal Area Network [PAN] Local Area Network [LAN] A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. LANs enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device Has lower cost compared to MANs or WANs Local Area Network [LAN] LANs can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre optic cable can be used in wired LANs. Every LAN uses a protocol a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and transmitted. Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies include: Bus Ring Star LANs are capable of......
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Networks
...TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Maninder Kaur What is Network? A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources [such as printers and CDs], exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. Different Types of Networks Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as: Local Area Network [LAN] Metropolitan Area Network [MAN] Wide Area Network [WAN] Personal Area Network [PAN] Local Area Network [LAN] A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. LANs enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device Has lower cost compared to MANs or WANs Local Area Network [LAN] LANs can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre optic cable can be used in wired LANs. Every LAN uses a protocol a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and transmitted. Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies include: Bus Ring ......
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Marketing
...What is a COMPUTER NETWORK? A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorized based on their characteristics. COMPUTER NETWORKING COMPONENTS Computer networkis a group of two or more computers that connect with each other to share a resource.Sharing of devices and resources is the purpose of computer network.You can share printers, fax machines, scanners, network connection, local drives, copiers and other resources. In computer network technology, there are several types of networks that range from simple to complex level. However, in any case in order to connect computers with each other or to the existing network or planning to install from scratch,the required devices and rules [protocols] are mostly the same. Major computer network components: Computer network requires the following devices [some of them are optional]:- Network Interface Card [NIC] Hub Switches Gateways Router Mode 1. Network Interface Card: Network adapteris a device that enables a computer to talk with other computer/network. Using uniquehardware addresses [MAC address] encoded on the card chip, the data-link protocol employs these addresses to discover other systems on the network so that it can transfer data to the right destination. There......
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Network Design
...Network Design Project Cecil Ruis NTC/362 August 6, 2013 Ron Inmon Kudler Fine Foods [KFF] is a small specialized company that deals in fine foods, wines and other related items for the discerning customer. Presently the company uses a dedicated T3 line to connect their La Jolla, Del Mar and Encinitas stores together with La Jolla being the site for the central server. The company incorporates a Bus Topology for a three locations. Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all devices. This is done with a single cable [backbone] that functions as a common communication link that all devices either tap into or attach to individually. Below is an example of a Bus Topology. Ethernet bus topology is considered the easiest to install and maintain because of its simplicity. Kudler uses a 100Base ThickNet cable for its backbone. The Bus Topology is very effective when connecting fewer than 15 components at a time. This is an ideal set-up for the company because all three locations have less than 15 connections per site. Each location has the same configurations which consist of six computers, one Point of Sales [POS] server, POS terminals, blade server [for all communications, e-mail, storage and Web], one printer, six Voice Over Internet Protocol [VOIP] phones and an APC Smart Uninterrupted Power Supply [UPS]. The biggest downside to this system is that if anything happens to the backbone cable the entire system goes down. The plan for Kudler is to incorporate a...
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Lab 2.3
...Lab2.3 Exercise 2.3.1 Briefly define LAN, MAN, PAN, and WAN. What is the critical distinction for these networks? What is the classification metric used here? LAN=Local Area Network-A local area network [LAN] is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building, using network media. MAN=Metropolitan Area Network- A metropolitan area network [MAN] is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network [LAN] but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network [WAN]. PAN=Personal Area Network- A computer network used for data transmission among devices such as computers, telephones and personal digital assistants. WAN=Wide Area Network- A network that covers a broad area [i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries] using leased telecommunication lines. Exercise 2.3.2 Network Topology is the arrangement of the various elements [links, nodes, etc.] of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically. The metric used to define networks by topology is what clients they are using and how they are using them. A wide area network is larger than a metropolitan network for example. Exercise 2.3.3 It would take 1 hop to send a message......
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Scrap
...Baluco Janice Gayapa Christian John Elnacin BSIT 2A October 3, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents Introduction Networking Fundamentals Networking Lexicon Network Types Network Design Standard Topologies Hubs Switches Variation of Major Topologies Network Media Network Cabling: Tangible Physical Media Primary Cable Types Wireless Networking: Intangible Media Types of Wireless Network Network Interface Card Network Interface Card [NIC] Basics Special-Purpose NICs References ------------------------------------------------- Networking Fundamentals Networking History and Evolution The earliest form of electronic networking for the purpose of message transfer was the local telephone exchange, which has evolved to become a carrier network providing transport services for both voice and data traffic on a global scale. Data networks designed exclusively for computing environments followed the introduction of business computing in the 1950s. Prior to that time, computers were used mostly for research and national defense purposes. Milestones in the history of data networking include: * 1960sThe first large-scale commercial computer network is created for an airline reservation application. Also, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network [ARPANET] successfully links computers developed by different manufacturers, forming what is later described as the origin of todays Internet. * 1970sA networking......
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Nt 1210 Unit 5 Research Project 1.Docx
...stakeholders for computer and network applications Classification of Networks A system convention characterizes standards and contracts for correspondence between network devices. Versatile, few progressions, few elements, high data transfer capacity, CPU power, repetition, port thickness, reasonableness, security highlights The Advantages of using Layer 2 economical, adaptable and versatile, simple to introduce and keep up. Advantages of Ethernet technology Thicknet >[10BASE5]- uses a thicker coaxial link with a transport topology. Thinnet-[>10BASE2] uses a more slender coaxial link with a transport topology. >Ethernet-[10BASE-T] - star topology & UTP cabling >Quick Ethernet [100BASE-T] - convey movement at the ostensible rate of 100 Mbit/s, star topology utilizes UTP .>Gigabit Ethernet [1000BASE-T] - utilizes four sets of Category 5 unshielded contorted pair to accomplish the gigabit information rate of 1000 Mbits/s Define Ethernet concepts Classifiedness- Protection from exposure to unapproved individuals. Confirmation- User names and passwords. Trustworthiness- Maintaining information consistency. Firewalls-an instrument that controls advanced data that comes into and goes out of the system. Antivirus-infection programming intended to recognize and demolish infections. Basic security requirements LAN [Local Area Network]-WLAN [Wireless Area Network]CAN [Campus Area Network]MAN [Metropolitan Area Network]WAN [Wide Area Network] Is......
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Networking
...Telecommunications and Networks Ghana Telecom University College Lecturer - Lempogo Forgor 2013 Objectives By the end of this unit, students should be able to: Demonstrate understanding of computer networking, including the concepts and types as well as hardware and software Compare and contrast internet, extranet and intranet Demonstrate practical knowledge of using the internet Discuss the business value of computer networks INF 162: Introduction to Information Systems - GTUC 2013 Delivery Overview Computer Networks and Networking Types of computer networks Network Connection technologies Hardware in computer Networking The business value of internet, extranet and intranet INF 162: Introduction to Information Systems - GTUC 2013 Delivery What is a Computer Network? A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Computer Network is a set of interconnected computer systems using special communication devices, media and software. INF 162: Introduction to Information Systems - GTUC 2013 Delivery What is Computer networking? Networking in the field of computing is the practice of linking computer devices together to support digital communication among them. The computers and devices on the network are called Network Nodes. ......
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Computer Network
...Computer Network A computer network is a group of computers that are interconnected by electronic circuits or wireless transmissions of various designs and technologies for the purpose of exchanging data or communicating information between them or their users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network. Introduction A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among devices connected to the network. The Advanced Research Projects Agency [ARPA] funded the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network [ARPANET] for the United States Department of Defense. It was the first operational computer network in the world.[1] Development of the network began in 1969, based on designs developed during the 1960s. For a history see ARPANET, the first network. Purpose Facilitating communications Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephony, video telephone calls, and videoconferencing. Sharing hardware In a networked environment, each computer on a network can access and use hardware on the network. Suppose several personal computers on a network each require the use of a laser printer. If the personal computers and a laser are connected to a network, the personal computers users each can access the laser printer on the network, as they......
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Internet Technology and Web Browsers
...school kids in India. None of this would be possible without the idea of them being able to create hardware to connect computers to share their information with one another. Local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks are computer networks that range in different geographic sizes and functions. We use them to communicate using devices such as computers, cell phones, and game consoles. These machines have worked their way into our daily lives through the way we work, live, and play with most people not even knowing the larger impact on how they shape our lives. This concept of information passing between computers has been around since the 1960s with universities obtaining more and more computers. Then the 1970s designed the standard for implementing how computers talk to one another using the OSI model and the suite of protocols called the transmission control protocol/internet protocol [TCP/IP] was developed. Next in 1982 the word internet was coined. Then in 1983 the computer industry called that year the year of the LAN, because it was deemed that was the breakout year for the industry. Next we can jump to 1990 when Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web. Then in the 1990s dial-up internet became affordable for home use, and this is where we see a giant leap in LAN...
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Computer Networks
...computer networks Table of Contents DECLARATION 2 INTRODUCTION 5 PURPOSE 5 NETWORK CRITERIA 6 Performance 6 Reliability 6 Security 6 TYPES OF NETWORK CONNECTION 6 NETWORK CLASSIFICATION 7 Connection method 7 Wired technologies 7 Wireless technologies 8 Scale 9 Personal Area Network 9 Local Area Network 9 Metropolitan Area Networks 10 Wide Area Network 10 Network Architecture 10 BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS 14 Network interface cards 14 Repeaters 14 Hubs 14 Bridges 15 Switches 15 Routers 15 Modem 16 CABLE STANDARD 16 Connectors and other information 16 Conductors required 17 Characteristics 17 ACCESS CONTROL METHODS 19 Token Based Access 19 Token priority 19 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection[CSMA/CD] 20 Collision detected procedure 20 INTRODUCTION Acomputer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a group ofcomputersand devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices. In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency [ARPA] started funding the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network [ARPANET] for the United States Department of Defense. It was the first computer network in the World. Development of the......
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Network Technologies
...Network Topologies are in essence the way the network is laid out as it relates to the devices that are connected to it. If you could view all the devices connected to the network, the arrangement would suggest which type the network topology it falls within. The topologies can be described as either a physical or logical design in their defined layout. Network topologies are grouped in the following design categories, Mesh, Bus, Ring and Star Topologies. A mesh topology comes in two varieties, Full mesh and Partial mesh. Full mesh consists of connectivity between every node on the network, meaning each has a direct path to the other. A partial mesh topology consists of the same type of connectivity as a full mesh except you may have to cross nodes to reach another, meaning that direct connectivity may not exist. Mesh topologies rely on routing to be able to choose the correct path between the hosts. One of the largest mesh topologies is the Internet itself. While you may not have a direct connection to a web server, the routers in the path know exactly the best path to get you there. Mesh topologies are considered highly available or redundant. With multiple paths to a destination, one can fail and your connectivity will remain. This leads to mesh networks being very complex. Being complex makes them harder to troubleshoot when issues arise. Along with additional routing overhead and connections, mesh topologies tend to be the most expensive to deploy of the topologies......
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