Which synovial joint movement is described as turning the sole away from the midline of the body?
The movements produced at joints by muscles are given specific anatomical names, often referred to as “anatomical terms of motion”. We usually make the assumption that the body is in normal resting anatomical position, and that joint movement occurs from this resting position. Show
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In this article, we explore the difference between an axis and a plane, before describing different joint movements in the context of the larger joints in the body. You might also be interested in our Anatomy Flashcard Collection which contains over 2000 anatomy flashcards in addition to advanced features such as spaced repetition. 🫁 PlanesThere are several different planes that we use to describe the body and movements. There are three major planes. Sagittal plane
Coronal plane
Transverse/axial plane
AxesThere are also several different axes we use to describe the movement of a joint. It is useful to think of an axis as a metal pole, and the joint rotating around this pole. Sagittal axis
Coronal axis
Vertical axis
Movements in an axis and along a planeBringing together planes and axes, we will describe the movements we used above. Flexion and extension of the hip occur in the sagittal plane, and about the coronal axis. Abduction and adduction of the shoulder occur in the coronal plane, and about the sagittal axis. Left and right rotation of the atlantoaxial joint occurs in the transverse plane, and about the vertical axis. Now, let’s make some more sense of what these movements actually are! Flexion and extensionWhen talking about flexion and extension, we are usually referring to these movements as they occur about the coronal axis, and along the sagittal plane. Flexion refers to decreasing a joint angle, and extension to increasing the joint angle back to resting anatomical position. Figure 1. Flexion and extension movements.1Examples of flexionExamples of flexion include:
Examples of extensionExamples of extension include:
Examples of hyperextensionExamples of hyperextension include:
Abduction and adductionAbduction and adduction refer to movements made about a sagittal axis and along the coronal plane. Abduction is moving a body part away from its resting anatomical position in the coronal plane; adduction is returning it to its normal resting position (includes ‘hyperadduction’). Figure 10. Abduction, adduction and circumduction movements.2Examples of abductionExamples of abduction include:
Examples of adductionExamples of adduction include:
Elevation and depressionElevation refers to lifting, and depression refers to lowering. These movements only occur in several regions of the body and are a result of movement along the coronal plane. Figure 15. Elevation and depression movements of the jaw.3Examples of elevationExamples of elevation include:
Examples of depressionExamples of depression include:
Rotation refers to movements made about the longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane. Internal rotation is rotating a joint towards the midline and external rotation is rotating a joint away from the midline. Figure 18. Internal rotation (medial rotation) and external rotation (lateral rotation).4Examples of internal rotationExamples of internal rotation include:
Examples of external rotationExamples of external rotation include:
CircumductionCircumduction is a compound movement that occurs only at ball and socket joints, which can perform multiple movement types. As Figure 23, it is a combination of:
Circumduction is described as a circular motion utilising each of these movements at different parts of the circular motion. Given that the shoulder and hip are the only joints to use circumduction and they have a relatively ‘fixed’ joint, the movement is more conical. Figure 23. Abduction, adduction and circumduction movements.2Pronation and supinationPronation and supination occur at pivot joints. The most important example of this is the radiohumeral joint and the union of the radius and ulna through the interosseous membrane. To remember pronation, think of lying prone (on your belly). Thus, pronation of the radiohumeral joint refers to the palm of the hand facing the ground. To remember supination, think of holding a bowl of soup. You hold a bowl of soup with your palms facing up, this is the position of supination. Figure 24. Pronation and supination movements.5Dorsiflexion and plantarflexionThe foot is a little special and has four movements specific to it. The first two, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, refer to the way the foot moves about the coronal axis and along the sagittal plane. Dorsiflexion brings the dorsum (back) of the foot back toward the tibia, so the toes are beginning to point towards the sky. This is a position of high ankle stability. Plantarflexion refers to pointing the foot away from the tibia and down into the ground. This is a position of low ankle stability, and most ligamentous ankle sprains occur in a position of plantarflexion. Eversion and inversionThe second set of movements specific to the foot are eversion and inversion. These movements occur about the sagittal axis and along the coronal plane. Eversion refers to bringing the soles of the feet out, so they are facing away from the midline of the body. Inversion refers to bringing the soles of the feet in, so they are facing towards the midline of the body (and each other). Figure 26. Eversion and inversion movements.7Opposition and re-positionOpposition and re-position are special movements unique to the human hand. They are movements that allow us fine dexterity to hold objects. Opposition and re-position occur at the thumb and little finger (digits 1 and 5, respectively). They even have their own separate muscles for this movement! Opposition of the thumb and little finger refers to the movement of bringing the pads of the thumb and little finger together in the midline of the hand. Technically, the thumb can be opposed to each of the other fingers on the same hand. Re-position refers to returning the thumb and little (or one of the others!) finger back to resting anatomical position. Figure 27. Opposition of the thumb and finger 8 Figure 28. Pincer gripProtraction and retraction (and protrusion and retrusion)Protraction and retraction occur in two major regions of the body – the scapula and the mandible. Protraction refers to protruding or sticking out. Retraction refers to bringing together. Examples of protractionExamples of protraction include:
Examples of retractionExamples of retraction include:
SlidingSliding is a vital movement in the human body but is seldom discussed. It isn’t a movement that is easily visible as it occurs on a relatively small level – nonetheless, it is very important! Sliding occurs in synovial joints with two flat surfaces opposing each other. Examples include the carpal bones of the hand and wrist complex. Sliding allows these bones to move slightly during movements such as flexion or extension of the wrist, or abduction and adduction of the wrist. Without sliding joints in the carpus, we’d find it difficult to move our wrists as well as we do! ReferencesTexts
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Which synovial joint movement is described as turning the sole away from the midline of the body quizlet?Eversion is a synovial joint movement that describes turning the sole outward away from the midline of the body. Pronation is a synovial joint movement that describes turning the palm downward.
Which term describes synovial joint movement away from the midline of the body?Abduction is the movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction is the movement toward the middle line of the body. Extension is the straightening of limbs (increase in angle) at a joint.
Which movement of the synovial joint is described as turning the sole outward and away from the midline of the body?Eversion is the opposite of inversion, movement of the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body.
What is movement of a part away from the midline of the body called?A movement of a body part away from the midline, either of the body as a whole or that of the hand or foot, is termed abduction (L., to carry away). A movement of the body part back toward the midline (i.e., to the anatomical position) is known as adduction.
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