Which condition may be the result of an adverse medication effect associated with administration of chloramphenicol in infants quizlet?
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Summary Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of susceptible and serious bacterial infections but is not frequently used because of its high risk of bone marrow toxicity. Show
Chloromycetin Generic NameChloramphenicolDrugBank Accession NumberDB00446BackgroundAn antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106) TypeSmall MoleculeGroupsApproved, Vet approvedStructure Monoisotopic: 322.012326918 Chemical Formula C11H12Cl2N2O5Synonyms
Used in treatment of cholera, as it destroys the vibrios and decreases the diarrhea. It is effective against tetracycline-resistant vibrios. It is also used in eye drops or ointment to treat bacterial conjunctivitis. Reduce drug development failure rates Build, train, & validate machine-learning models Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets. Associated Conditions
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events Improve clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more. Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support. PharmacodynamicsChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae and is now produced synthetically. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, but due to serious side-effects (e.g., damage to the bone marrow, including aplastic anemia) in humans, it is usually reserved for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections (e.g., typhoid fever). Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used against highly susceptible organisms. Chloramphenicol stops bacterial growth by binding to the bacterial ribosome (blocking peptidyl transferase) and inhibiting protein synthesis. Mechanism of actionChloramphenicol is lipid-soluble, allowing it to diffuse through the bacterial cell membrane. It then reversibly binds to the L16 protein of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, where transfer of amino acids to growing peptide chains is prevented (perhaps by suppression of peptidyl transferase activity), thus inhibiting peptide bond formation and subsequent protein synthesis.
Rapidly and completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract following oral administration (bioavailability 80%). Well absorbed following intramuscular administration (bioavailability 70%). Intraocular and some systemic absorption also occurs after topical application to the eye. Volume of distributionNot Available Protein bindingPlasma protein binding is 50-60% in adults and 32% is premature neonates. MetabolismHepatic, with 90% conjugated to inactive glucuronide. Route of eliminationNot Available Half-lifeHalf-life in adults with normal hepatic and renal function is 1.5 - 3.5 hours. In patients with impaired renal function half-life is 3 - 4 hours. In patients with severely impaired hepatic function half-life is 4.6 - 11.6 hours. Half-life in children 1 month to 16 years old is 3 - 6.5 hours, while half-life in infants 1 to 2 days old is 24 hours or longer and is highly variable, especially in low birth-weight infants. ClearanceNot Available Adverse EffectsImprove decision support & research outcomes With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data. Oral, mouse: LD50 = 1500 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 2500 mg/kg. Toxic reactions including fatalities have occurred in the premature and newborn; the signs and symptoms associated with these reactions have been referred to as the gray syndrome. Symptoms include (in order of appearance) abdominal distension with or without emesis, progressive pallid cyanosis, vasomotor collapse frequently accompanied by irregular respiration, and death within a few hours of onset of these symptoms. Pathways
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
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product information including: Access drug product information from over 10 global regions. International/Other BrandsBrochlor (Sanofi-Aventis) / Chloramex (Actavis) / Chlorocid (Egyt) / Chlorocol / Chlorsig (Sigma) / Fenicol (Alcon) / Globenicol / Halomycetin (Wabosan) / Oleomycetin / Sificetina (SIFI)Brand Name Prescription Products
InChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O5/c12-10(13)11(18)14-8(5-16)9(17)6-1-3-7(4-2-6)15(19)20/h2-4,8-10,16-17H,5H2,(H,14,18)/t8-,9-/m1/s1 IUPAC Name2,2-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl]acetamide SMILESOC[C@@H](NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)[N+]([O-])=O Synthesis ReferenceGuang-Zhong Wu, Wanda I. Tormos, "Asymmetric process for preparing florfenicol, thiamphenicol chloramphenicol and oxazoline intermediates." U.S. Patent US5352832, issued May, 1992. US5352832General References
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only. PatentsNot AvailableStateSolidExperimental Properties
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397) Mass Spec (NIST)Download (10.9 KB) Spectra
TargetsBuild, predict & validate machine-learning models Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research. KindProteinOrganismEscherichia coli (strain K12)Pharmacological action Unknown ActionsInhibitor General FunctionTrna bindingSpecific FunctionThis protein binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is located at the A site of the peptidyltransferase center. It contacts the A and P site tRNAs. It has an essential role in subunit assembly, wh...Gene NamerplPUniprot IDP0ADY7Uniprot Name50S ribosomal protein L16Molecular Weight15281.125 Da References
KindProteinOrganismEscherichia coliPharmacological action Unknown ActionsAntagonist General FunctionNot AvailableSpecific FunctionHemagglutinins of uropathogenic E.coli mediate adherence to the upper urinary tract. These adhesins bind to the Dr blood group antigen and also agglutinate human erythrocytes in the presence of D-m...Gene NamedraAUniprot IDP24093Uniprot NameDr hemagglutinin structural subunitMolecular Weight17058.095 Da References
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action Unknown ActionsOther General FunctionVirus receptor activitySpecific FunctionThis protein recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that condense with cell-surface hydroxyl or amino groups when nascent C4b and C3b are locally generated during C4 and c3 activation. Interaction of daf...Gene NameCD55Uniprot IDP08174Uniprot NameComplement decay-accelerating factorMolecular Weight41399.79 Da References
EnzymesKindProteinOrganismEscherichia coliPharmacological action Unknown ActionsSubstrate General FunctionChloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase activitySpecific FunctionThis enzyme is an effector of chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria.Gene Namecat3Uniprot IDP00484Uniprot NameChloramphenicol acetyltransferase 3Molecular Weight24993.32 Da References
KindProteinOrganismPseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)Pharmacological action Unknown ActionsSubstrate General FunctionChloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase activitySpecific FunctionThis enzyme is an effector of chloramphenicol (Cm) resistance in bacteria. Acetylates Cm but not 1-acetoxy-Cm.Gene NamecatUniprot IDP26841Uniprot NameChloramphenicol acetyltransferaseMolecular Weight23524.385 Da References
KindProteinOrganismStreptomyces venezuelae (strain ATCC 10712 / CBS 650.69 / DSM 40230 / JCM 4526 / NBRC 13096 / PD 04745)Pharmacological action Unknown ActionsSubstrate General FunctionKinase activitySpecific FunctionInactivates chloramphenicol by catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to the antibiotic's C-3' hydroxyl group.Gene NameNot AvailableUniprot IDQ56148Uniprot NameChloramphenicol 3-O phosphotransferaseMolecular Weight18816.255 Da References
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action Unknown ActionsInhibitor General FunctionSteroid hydroxylase activitySpecific FunctionResponsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...Gene NameCYP2C19Uniprot IDP33261Uniprot NameCytochrome P450 2C19Molecular Weight55930.545 Da References
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action Unknown ActionsInhibitor General FunctionVitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activitySpecific FunctionCytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...Gene NameCYP3A4Uniprot IDP08684Uniprot NameCytochrome P450 3A4 Molecular Weight57342.67 Da References
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action Unknown ActionsInhibitor General FunctionOxygen bindingSpecific FunctionCytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...Gene NameCYP3A5Uniprot IDP20815Uniprot NameCytochrome P450 3A5Molecular Weight57108.065 Da References
KindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action Unknown ActionsInhibitor General FunctionOxygen bindingSpecific FunctionCytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...Gene NameCYP3A7Uniprot IDP24462Uniprot NameCytochrome P450 3A7Molecular Weight57525.03 Da References
TransportersKindProteinOrganismHumansPharmacological action Unknown ActionsInhibitor General FunctionSodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySpecific FunctionInvolved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...Gene NameSLC22A6Uniprot IDQ4U2R8Uniprot NameSolute carrier family 22 member 6Molecular Weight61815.78 Da References
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 20, 2022 00:04 Which drug class may cause kernicterus in neonates?Sulfonamides and medications that are highly bound to plasma protein (e.g., ceftriaxone) are contraindicated in neonates because they can displace bilirubin, which may cause kernicterus.
Which adverse effect on pediatric clients is associated with nalidixic acid?Central Nervous System (CNS) effects including convulsions, increased intracranial pressure, and toxic psychosis have been reported with nalidixic acid therapy.
Which medication may cause photophobia as an adverse effect?Photophobia is prevalent for patients who have taken atropine, which has multiple clinical applications—including as a treatment for dry mouth, specific eye disorders (e.g. myopia) and also as a muscle relaxant.
Which medication is considered first line of therapy for treating Reye syndrome in pediatric clients?However, aspirin use in children with a viral illness has been associated with development of Reye's syndrome. As a result, its use in children has declined in the United States. Acetaminophen is relatively free of adverse effects and is considered first-line pharmacologic antipyresis therapy.
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