Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually change?
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Under a Creative Commons license Open access AbstractTobacco companies have described Australia as a ‘dark’ market, because the country's ban on advertising and point-of-sale display and the requirement for plain packaging of tobacco limit their ability to promote or differentiate tobacco brands. But despite the absence of overt promotion of smoking or cigarettes, evidence shows that attempting quitters struggle to stop smoking in Australia, raising the question of what factors continue to prompt smoking, and whether further policy initiatives could help attempting quitters and smokers to quit, or smoke less. This study explores the stimuli that encourage smoking and failed quit attempts, using a novel method of real-time collection of in-depth data from smokers and attempting quitters. The results suggest that the denormalisation of smoking is resulting in lower levels of smoking, and in the absence of cues to smoke, many smokers and attempting quitters can abstain from smoking. Nevertheless, residual cues to smoke, including the mere sight of tobacco retail outlets and associated signage, prompt smoking related thoughts, complicate cessation attempts, and trigger relapse. The paper outlines implications for theory, explores policy that could limit the health and economic costs of smoking, and examines how support for attempting quitters might be improved. KeywordsSmoking Cessation Consumption cues Policy Cited by (0)Crown copyright © 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc. Last updated on 3 September 2020 Dr Stanley Chia, cardiologist at Mount Elizabeth Hospitals, explains the effects of smoking and drinking on our health. Growing up, many children may view drinking and smoking as privileges of adults and therefore ‘cool’ activities to engage in. Media portrayal of smoking and alcohol use has certainly helped to perpetuate the appeal of these social habits. The importance of public awareness about the dangers of heavy smoking and drinking has never been greater. The danger of smokingCigarettes contain more than 4,000 chemical compounds and 400 toxic chemicals that include tar, carbon monoxide, DDT, arsenic and formaldehyde. The nicotine in cigarettes, in particular, makes them highly addictive. There are so many diseases caused by smoking that it’s hard to decide where to begin. Any amount and type of smoking is bad for your health. Besides being a notorious risk factor for lung cancer, coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke, smoking can damage almost any organ in our body, leading to leukaemia and cancers of the kidney, pancreas, bladder, throat, mouth and uterus. It can damage the airways and air sacs of our lungs to cause chronic bronchitis and breathing difficulties. It can also raise our blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reduce bone density in women and increase the risk of infertility, preterm delivery, stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome. The danger of heavy drinking: How much alcohol is too much?Most people like to have a drink or two, be it beer, wine or spirits. Light drinking is acceptable and may even be beneficial for the heart. Heavy and binge drinking, on the other hand, can lead to serious medical problems. Drinking 7 or more drinks per week is considered excessive drinking for women, while 15 drinks or more per week is deemed to be excessive for men. A healthy limit for drinking is usually no more than 2 drinks (3 units of alcohol) a day for men and 1 drink (2 units) a day for women. Binge drinking means having 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women on one occasion. Certain groups of people should not drink alcohol at all. These include young people under the age of 18, pregnant women, people with certain health conditions, patients on medication that will interact with alcohol, recovering alcoholics, and people who intend to drive or do activities that require attention and coordination. Heavy drinking can lead to many serious health conditions. Binge drinking can cause immediate problems such as acute intoxication, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, impaired judgment and alcohol poisoning. In the long term, heavy alcohol consumption can cause high blood pressure, gastric problems, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, pancreatitis, memory impairment, alcohol dependence and various psychological conditions. Excessive alcohol drinking can also result in accidental injuries and even death. Pregnant women who drink heavily can harm their babies. Effects of smoking and drinking on the heartBoth tobacco and alcohol can affect the heart. While the deleterious effect of smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease is well-recognised and straightforward (the risk of heart disease increases with the amount of smoking), the impact of drinking is more complex. Some evidence suggests that moderate drinking (3 – 14 drinks a week) may be associated with a lower risk of heart attack, while heavier drinking may well increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, stroke and high blood pressure. As smoking is also common among alcohol drinkers, and smokers and drinkers frequently share similar behavioural and lifestyle patterns, it is currently unclear whether it is the combined or independent effects of smoking and alcohol that greatly raises cardiovascular risk. Nonetheless, the health problems associated with excessive smoking and drinking are extensive. Public health efforts to minimise the dangers of both smoking and drinking may significantly improve the well-being of society. Benefits of kicking the habitIt is important to realise that quitting smoking can improve your quality of life – physically, emotionally and financially. It can help you and those around you breathe better and live longer. People who stop smoking generally have an improved sense of smell and taste, feel less stressed and become more energetic. They will usually have younger looking skin and improved fertility. Their loved ones will be healthier as passive smoking is reduced. For people who drink too much, alcohol tolerance can lead to false reassurance that they are drinking within limits, since they do not feel drunk. Health benefits of reducing alcohol intake include weight loss, a reduced risk of many forms of cancer, less anxiety, clearer skin, no hangovers and better self-esteem. Withdrawal symptoms of smokingWhile you’re trying to quit smoking, you will experience some withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms are usually the worst in the first week and then gradually improve. Common physical symptoms to expect include:
How to quit: Smoking cessationSmoking cessation means abstaining from cigarettes and/or other tobacco products for at least 6 months, but preferably for a year. This can be a challenging attempt as the nicotine in tobacco is addictive and cause dependence. You will experience several unpleasant short-term effects and withdrawal symptoms as you embark on this effort. Nevertheless, smokers can and do quit smoking for good. Smokers who quit smoking with support are more likely to succeed than those who do it on their own. Hence, it is helpful for those trying to stop to consult a health professional on engage a smoking cessation programme. For regular, very heavy drinkers, stopping alcohol consumption abruptly can be dangerous. They should therefore consult their doctors to manage the withdrawal symptoms. Always remember that our health is important to us and our families, and we should take care to safeguard it. Article contributed by Dr Stanley Chia, cardiologist at Mount Elizabeth Hospital References What is Nicotine Withdrawal? (n.d.) Retrieved September 2, 2020, from https://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/understanding-nicotine-withdrawal-symptoms#2 A Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions. (n.d.) Retrieved September 2, 2020, from https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/504516 What are the effects of drinking alcohol and smoking?HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO USE. Cancers of the Mouth and Throat. ... . Liver Cancer. ... . Cardiovascular Disease. ... . Mutual Craving. ... . A Common Brain System. ... . Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance. ... . Genetic Factors.. How can you help to prevent and control cigarette smoking and drinking alcohol beverages?Reinforce or advocate school and community policies that prevent underage alcohol or tobacco use.. Easy access to alcohol or tobacco in their home (such as packs of cigarettes lying around).. Adults purchase or provide alcohol or tobacco for underage youth.. Host parties for youth where alcohol is served.. What is the effect of social media on the use of alcohol beer?Social media can combine traditional media exposure to alcohol-related content with peer interactivity (e.g., peer endorsement of specific behaviors), resulting in a potentially even more powerful influence on drinking behavior.
What steps can you take to help a person suffering from alcohol abuse?Supportive tips. Be empathetic when approaching your loved one.. Be honest about your concerns and offer your support.. Let the person know you're there if they need someone to talk to.. Offer to take them to meetings.. Take good care of yourself.. |
