What technologies and business practices helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas?

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  • In what ways did European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generate change within European societies themselves?
  • How did the Columbian Exchange transform societies in both the Americas and Afro Eurasia?
  • How did the different native societies in the Americas adapt to and change their environments?
  • How did Europeans increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare?

  Chapters 1 & 2

  Key Concepts - from College Board

  On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

  Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

  I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

  1. The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
  2. Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
  3. In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.
  4. Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

  Related Thematic Learning Objectives (Focus of Exam Questions)

  MIG-2.0: Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.

  GEO-1.0: Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies. 

  Key Concept 1.2: 

  Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

  I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.

  A) European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.

  B) The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.

  C) Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

  Related Thematic Learning Objectives (Focus of Exam Questions)

  WXT-2.0: Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.

  WXT-3.0: Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.

  WOR-1.0: Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.

  Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

  II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.

  1. Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
  2. In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
  3. European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
  4. The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

  Related Thematic Learning Objectives (Focus of Exam Questions)

  MIG-1.0: Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.

  WXT-1.0: Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.

  GEO-1.0: Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.

  Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

  III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

  1. Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture.
  2. As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
  3. Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. 

  Related Thematic Learning Objectives (Focus of Exam Questions)

  CUL-1.0: Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.

  CUL-3.0: Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.

  CUL-4.0: Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.

  WOR-1.0: Explain ho cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America. 

  Period Activities:

  Period Review

In what ways did European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generate change within European societies themselves?

How did the Columbian Exchange transform societies in both the Americas and Afro Eurasia?

How did the different native societies in the Americas adapt to and change their environments?

How did Europeans increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare?