When reviewing patient blood chemistry levels what is considered the normal creatinine range quizlet?
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Which of the following sequences correctly describes the path of blood flow as it leaves the left ventricle? Show
A. Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins Terms in this set (183)The exposure factors used for a particular nongrid screen film x-ray image were 400 mA, 20ms, and 90kV. Another screen film image using an 8:1 grid is requested. Which of the following groups of factors is most appropriate? Sets with similar termsThe normal range of BUN values for adults is: 7 - 21 In general, 7 - 21 mg/dL represents an acceptable range for BUN levels; some sources may be off from this range by 1 mg/dL in either direction. Acceptable levels tend to increase with age. The lab test that evaluates the chemical byproduct of metabolism in the muscles is: creatinine Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is associated with muscle mass. It is considered an excellent early indicator of impaired kidney function. Which of the following statements concerning kidney function is correct? High BUN and creatinine levels are associated with a low GFR. Normal creatinine and BUN levels mean that the kidneys are functioning normally. An increase in these numbers means the kidneys are not filtering waste products sufficiently, and therefore the GFR, which is a filtration rate, would be lower than normal. This situation would be a contraindication for iodine contrast administration. What is the normal range for GFR? 90 - 120 The typical normal range for GFR is 90 - 120. A GFR below 90 is associated with decreased kidney function and less than 15 is associated with complete kidney failure. A test of GFR would provide information on which of the following? the rate at which the kidneys filter waste from the blood The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is determined from creatinine levels, and is an estimate of the rate at which the kidneys filter waste. It is very useful in staging chronic kidney disease. Which of the following creatinine mg/dL levels would be considered abnormal? 2.0 The normal range for creatinine levels is 0.7 - 1.5 mg/dL. Levels above 1.5 are almost always associated with impaired kidney function. Which of the following would be indicated by a higher than normal PT or PTT value? a procedure requiring a large spinal needle may need to be avoided PT and PTT tests evaluate blood coagulation function, and higher values are associated with excessive bleeding. Injections with large lumen needles should be avoided since these types of needles result in more bleeding. A PTT result of 50 seconds would indicate which of the following? a longer than normal clotting time The normal range for PTT is 25 - 35 seconds, meaning that 50 seconds is longer than normal and may be associated with excessive bleeding. Which of the following lab tests would be a test relating to blood coagulation? 1. PT 1, 2, 3, and 4 All of the choices listed are related to blood coagulation. PT and PTT identify the time that it takes for clotting to occur; INR is a standard reported as a ratio and is used for people who are taking warfarin; platelet count is also related to clotting, with high counts associated with clotting disorders and low counts associated with bleeding disorders The normal range for platelet count per mm3 is:150,000 - 400,000 150,000 - 400,000 The platelets are involved in the clotting process, making the platelet count an important factor in assessment of a patient's clotting function. The normal range is 150,000 - 400,000/mm3. The normal range for the international normalized ratio (INR) for reporting PTs is: 0.8 - 1.2 The INR was developed by the World Health Organization to standardize PT testing across labs. The normal range is considered to be 0.8 - 1.2. This number will be higher for patients taking warfarin. The normal range for PT tests is: 11 - 13.5 seconds Prothrombin time (PT) is a test of coagulation time, and the normal range is typically 11 - 13.5 seconds. Results above 13.5 seconds may indicate inadequate clotting associated with excessive bleeding. _____ is the only type of contrast media that is safe for IV injection. water-soluble iodine A water-soluble substance is one that can dissolve in water. Since they are water-soluble, iodine contrast media mix readily with blood and other body fluids, making them safe for injection into the blood vessels. Iodine contrast media is made less toxic and more tolerable to the human body by which of the following methods binding the iodine atoms to a benzene ring The benzene molecule is organic, composed of hydrogen and carbon, and not easily rejected by the human body. By attaching the iodine to the benzene ring, the iodine can be tolerated by the body. Which type of iodine contrast media is closer to the osmolarity of human blood? non-ionic Iodine contrast media can range in osmolarity from about 300 mOsm/kg to more than 1000 mOsm/kg. Since ionic media break apart into ions, those solutions have more particles and therefore higher osmolarity. Non-ionic solutions have lower osmolarity, closer to that of human blood, making them less toxic when injected. Comparing ionic and non-ionic iodine contrast media, which one is considered to have higher osmolarity? ionic Osmolarity refers to the concentration of particles in a fluid. Since ionic contrast media separates into more particles or ions, it is described as having higher osmolarity. Which type of iodine based contrast media is less likely to cause adverse reactions when injected into a patient's bloodstream? non-ionic Non-ionic iodine solutions have lower osmolarity, closer to that of human blood, and therefore are more easily tolerated when injected. The main difference between ionic and non-ionic iodine contrast media is: non-ionic solutions contain molecules that do not break apart upon injection Non-ionic means that the molecules do not break apart and do not form ions when they are injected into the bloodstream. Which of the following are desired characteristics of iodine contrast media to make it appropriate for injection and to decrease the likelihood of adverse reactions? 1 and 2 only All contrast media for injection must be water-soluble. In addition, low osmolarity, which is a property of non-ionic solutions, is desired for fewer adverse reactions. Non-ionic iodine contrast media will be less toxic to the body than ionic solutions due to: all of the above Non-ionic contrast media is less toxic to the body for all of these reasons: since it doesn't break apart into ions, it has lower osmolarity; its lower osmolarity is closer to that of human blood, making it less reactive. The term osmolarity refers to: the concentration of particles in a solution Osmolarity is described as the concentration, or number of particles, in a specific amount of solution. Comparing ionic and non-ionic iodine contrast media, which one is considered to have higher osmolarity? ionic Osmolarity refers to the concentration of particles in a fluid. Since ionic contrast media separates into more particles or ions, it is described as having higher osmolarity. Iodine contrast media that is described as non-ionic is also associated with lower osmolarity. true Since non-ionic solutions contain molecules that do not break apart into ions, there are fewer particles in the solution, giving it a lower concentration of particles, or lower osmolarity. Recommendations for dietary restrictions prior to an exam involving injection of iodine contrast media include which of the following? increased hydration the day before and NPO for one hour prior to the exam NPO for one hour and increased hydration the day before an exam are both recommended patient prep instructions so that the exam will result in fewer adverse effects for the patient. Iodine contrast media that is described as non-ionic is also associated with lower osmolarity. true Since non-ionic solutions contain molecules that do not break apart into ions, there are fewer particles in the solution, giving it a lower concentration of particles, or lower osmolarity. The normal range for creatinine levels in a health adult is: 7 - 1.5 mg/dl Creatinine levels should not exceed 1.5 mg/dl for most adults. Elevated levels mean that the kidneys are not filtering waste from the blood effectively. _____ is a byproduct of the metabolic activity in the muscles. creatinine Creatinine is a chemical waste and is filtered from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. High creatinine levels may be associated with decreased kidney function. The normal range for BUN is: 7 - 21 mg/dl The typical normal range for BUN is 7 - 21 mg/dl. This range may increase slightly with age. An elevated BUN is associated with decreased kidney function Which of the following lab tests are important for evaluation of renal function prior to injection of iodine contrast media? Creatinine GFR BUN CBC 1, 2, and 3 Creatinine levels, BUN, and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) are all tests that evaluate renal function. Since iodine can be toxic as it is filtered by the kidneys, patients must have effective renal function prior to receiving an injection of iodine contrast media. Increased hydration prior to an injection of iodine contrast media is recommended for what reason? to ease the burden on the kidneys when the contrast media is filtered through the kidneys Increased hydration may be recommended so that the kidney function is not impaired by the toxic presence of iodine as the blood is filtered through the kidneys. What drugs are commonly used as premedication to prevent allergic reactions to IV contrast in a patient with known allergy? antihistamines and corticosteroids Antihistamines and corticosteroids both work to lessen the effects of or prevent an allergic reaction. Premedication is required for which type of patient undergoing IV injection of contrast media? patient with known allergy to iodine Medication can be given to a patient with a known allergy to iodine in order to suppress the immune system and reduce the effect of the iodine. Patients with known impaired kidney function would not receive IV contrast. What is the normal GFR rate for an adult? 90 - 120 GFR should be within the range of 90 - 120. A low GFR means that the kidneys are not filtering waste at a high enough rate and can be associated with impaired renal function. Which of the following is the best description of the GFR measurement? estimate of the rate at which waste is filtered from the blood Glomerular filtration rate is an estimate of the rate of kidney filtration of waste and is calculated from the creatinine and patient age and gender. The most common reaction to iodinated contrast media is: hives Most reactions to iodinated contrast media are categorized as mild, and hives are the most common in that category. What are recommended treatments if your patient has experienced extravasation of IV contrast media? 1. elevation of the affected area 1 and 2 only Elevation and cold or hot compresses are recommended. Both of these actions will help increase the resorption of the contrast media, and compresses will help alleviate pain. During an IV injection of contrast media, your patient complains of tightness and burning in the area of the injection. What should your immediate response be? discontinue the injection and check for signs of extravasation Tightness, burning, and even swelling are classical signs of extravasation of fluid into the surrounding tissues. Your immediate response needs to be recognizing these symptoms and discontinuing the injection to check and see if extravasation has occurred. During an IV bolus injection of contrast media, the injection of contrast media into the tissues surrounding the vessel is called: extravasation Extravasation is injection or leakage of the injected liquid into the surrounding tissues. It is most often associated with a direct injection, not an IV line. Infiltration is similar to extravasation, but it is specific to IV solution leaking into the tissues from the IV catheter. Immediately after Mr. Miller receives an IV injection of iodinated contrast media, he complains of pruritis and you observe that he has two hives on his neck. What should your response to this situation be? monitor Mr. Miller's vital signs and be alert for further reactions for at least 20 - 30 minutes A few scattered hives and pruritis (itching) are signs of a mild reaction to the iodinated contrast media. Although no treatment is necessary, monitoring the patient's vital signs and observing the patient for at least 20 - 30 minutes is critical since any contrast reaction has the potential to become more severe. Which of the following represents a moderate reaction to iodinated contrast media? persistent vomiting Mild reactions usually cause no interruption in the exam process. Persistent vomiting is categorized as moderate and will require care of the patient that may delay or alter the sequence of the exam. Risk factor for nephrotoxicity include which of the following? 1, 2, and 3 All of these conditions can be risk factors for nephrotoxicity since all can predispose the patient to renal complication and negatively affect how the kidneys are able to filter and excrete the toxins. A decrease in renal function following administration of IV contrast media is called: nephrotoxicity Nephrotoxicity can be a complication of IV administration of iodinated contrast media and can result in kidney damage. It is more common in those with impaired renal function and other risk factors, such as dehydration, diabetes, and heart disease. As the radiographer, you are performing an IVP exam on Mrs. Jefferson. During your conversations and history-taking with her, she seems alert and able to answer your questions. Why is it important to continue asking Mrs. Jefferson questions as you inject IV contrast media? to monitor her mental status since changes can be associated with severe reactions A thorough history should be completed before any injection of contrast media. Although good patient communication is important during any imaging exam, it is critical during the injection of contrast media so that you can make sure there are no changes in your patient's ability to communicate. Changes in mental status can be a reaction to contrast media, and ongoing communication with your patient can be an effective method of monitoring for changes. As you progress with an IV injection of iodinated contrast media, your patient states she is having trouble breathing, and she is visibly struggling to breathe. What should your immediate reaction be? stop the injection The radiographer's first response in this situation would be to stop the injection. Completing the injection would increase the severity of the patient's response and would delay critical emergency treatment. Which of the following drugs would most likely be used as emergency treatment for a severe allergic reaction to iodinated contrast media? epinephrine Epinephrine (adrenalin) is often the drug of choice for treatment of emergency allergic reaction situations. It works quickly to reverse the symptoms associated with severe reactions. Which of the following drugs would most likely be administered to a patient experiencing an allergic reaction to iodinated contrast media? diphenhydramine The category of drugs used to treat allergic reactions is antihistamines. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is a commonly used antihistamine, especially for the treatment of mild to moderate contrast reactions. Which of the following methods for introduction of contrast media into the body would be safe for barium sulfate? enteral The enteral route is the only safe way to administer barium sulfate. This method means that the substance enters and exits the body exclusively through the GI tract, without being absorbed or transported by body fluids. Barium sulfate is used almost exclusively for what type of x-ray examinations? gastro-intestinal system Since barium sulfate is not water-soluble, it cannot enter the bloodstream. It is mainly used for examinations of the GI system, where it can be contained within those organs and then excreted by the body. Which of the following statements about barium sulfate contrast media is true? it attenuates radiation more than normal body tissues Because barium has a high atomic number, it absorbs radiation, meaning that more radiation is attenuated by the barium sulfate than by other body tissues. This characteristic of barium is what makes it show up as white on radiographs and extremely useful as contrast media. Which of the following are characteristics of barium sulfate? 1. it is water-soluble 2 and 3 only Barium has an atomic number of 56, which is high, and barium sulfate is a suspension. Barium is not water-soluble and therefore will not be absorbed by body tissues. What is the atomic number of barium? 56 The atomic number of barium is 56, which is much higher than other elements in normal body tissues. The high atomic number means that barium will absorb radiation and show up well on radiographs. Barium sulfate contrast media is categorized as a suspension. Because of this fact, the radiographer must follow which practice regarding the use of it? it must be shaken or mixed prior to use to redistribute the particles within the solution Since the mixture is a suspension, the barium sulfate particles will settle to the bottom of the liquid form. Before use, the solution must be shaken or mixed sufficiently to remix and redistribute the particles evenly throughout the liquid. For which of the following exams would barium sulfate be the contrast media of choice? small bowel All of the choices, except for small bowel, involve introduction of the contrast media into the body where it will mix with body fluids and be absorbed by the tissues. Barium sulfate cannot be used for such exams. The small bowel exam is the only one listed that can utilize barium sulfate since the barium will be contained inside the GI tract. As the radiographer for a patient having an Upper GI exam, you notice that the patient history states that there is a possibility of a bowel perforation. Which of the following situations would most likely be a result of this information? you would perform the exam with an iodine-based contrast media for the GI tract Since barium sulfate is not water-soluble, it cannot be used if there is a possibility that it would exit the GI tract and enter the abdominal cavity. For a suspected bowel perforation, an upper GI would be performed using an iodine contrast media, which is water-soluble. Which of the following methods of introducing contrast media into the body is considered an enteral method? oral The term enteral means passing through the intestines, making "oral" the only correct choice from those provided. What is the main reason that barium is combined with a sulfate molecule for use as a contrast media? it lessens the toxicity of barium by forming a non water-soluble solution Barium is toxic when ingested and absorbed by the body but when mixed with sulfate molecules, it is not toxic. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is not water-soluble, and therefore it is not absorbed by body tissues and does not mix with body fluids. When reviewing patient blood chemistry levels what is considered a normal creatinine level?Normal Results
A normal result is 0.7 to 1.3 mg/dL (61.9 to 114.9 µmol/L) for men and 0.6 to 1.1 mg/dL (53 to 97.2 µmol/L) for women. Women often have a lower creatinine level than men. This is because women often have less muscle mass than men.
What is the normal range of creatinine quizlet?The normal range for creatinine levels is 0.7 - 1.5 mg/dL. Levels above 1.5 are almost always associated with impaired kidney function.
Which of the following lab tests would be a test relating to blood coagulation?Prothrombin Time
Also known as PT and Pro Time, this test measures how long it takes blood to clot.
Which type of iodine based contrast media is less likely to cause adverse reactions when injected into a patient's bloodstream?MR-Gadolinium
The contrast material used in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) called gadolinium is less likely to produce an allergic reaction than the iodine-based materials used for x-rays and CT scanning.
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