Which of the following are primary activities in the value chain?

• Primary activities
• Secondary activities

Idea in short

A value chain is the full range of activities – including design, production, marketing and distribution – businesses conduct to bring a product or service from conception to delivery.

Value chain analysis (VCA) is a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities that add value to its final product / service. In this case, analyzing processes helps identify activities that help reduce costs or increase differentiation. In other words, value chain represents the internal activities a firm engages in when transforming inputs into outputs. Michael Porter introduced the generic value chain model in 1985[1] as a strategy tool to analyze a firm’s internal activities. In summary, focusing on these activities leads to competitive advantage[2].

Value Chain

Porter noted that any firm could be divided into two main segments, each of which creates a certain value:

1. Primary activities
2. Secondary activities

Primary activities

The primary activities help create the products and distribute them to buyers. The five primary activities are:

1. Inbound logistics: This is the step in which businesses receive raw materials from suppliers
2. Operations: The activities that convert raw materials into processed goods / services
3. Outbound logistics: Steps that move goods / services out to distributors
4. Marketing and sales: For instance, a distributor has to perform to promote and facilitate sales
5. Service: Occasionally, the business will have to maintain and upkeep a product after it was sold

Although, primary activities add value directly to the production process, they are not necessarily more important than support activities.

Secondary activities

Presently, competitive advantage derives from technological improvements or innovations in business models or processes. Therefore, such support activities as information systems, R&D, or general management. Sometimes, they are the most important source of differentiation advantage. On the one hand, primary activities are usually the source of cost advantage. On the other hand, secondary activities are almost exclusively internal steps. Notwithstanding, these tasks support the primary activities. The four secondary activities are:

1. Procurement: This activity involves how a company acquires various resources and raw materials
2. Human resource management: Companies also have to take steps to recruit, promote and, if need be, lay off workers
3. Technological development: To transform material into products, companies typically acquire equipment, hardware and software. In addition, this activity also includes the workers’ technical knowledge
4. Infrastructure: This idea refers to a company’s various departments, including public affairs, accounting, quality assurance, general management, legal and finance

According to Investopedia, the primary goal of using the value chain analysis is creating or strengthening your business’s competitive advantage.

To capture a competitive advantage, a company maps out its specific activities within the five generic value chain activities and looks for ways to create efficiencies.

Summary

Value chain analysis is a process of dividing various activities of the business in primary and support activities and analyzing them, keeping in mind, their contribution towards value creation to the final product. And to do so, inputs consumed by the activity and outputs generated are studied, so as to decrease costs and increase differentiation.

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Think Insights (September 11, 2022) Value Chain Analysis. Retrieved from https://thinkinsights.net/strategy/value-chain-analysis/.

"Value Chain Analysis." Think Insights - September 11, 2022, https://thinkinsights.net/strategy/value-chain-analysis/

Think Insights March 6, 2018 Value Chain Analysis., viewed September 11, 2022,

Think Insights - Value Chain Analysis. [Internet]. [Accessed September 11, 2022]. Available from: https://thinkinsights.net/strategy/value-chain-analysis/

"Value Chain Analysis." Think Insights - Accessed September 11, 2022. https://thinkinsights.net/strategy/value-chain-analysis/

"Value Chain Analysis." Think Insights [Online]. Available: https://thinkinsights.net/strategy/value-chain-analysis/. [Accessed: September 11, 2022]

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I am Mithun Sridharan, Founder & Author of Think Insights and INTRVU. I am a Global Industry Advisor at a leading cloud technology company, where I advise CxOs & Executives at global corporations on their strategic initiatives. Previously, I served on senior leadership roles at global Management Consulting & technology firms, such as KPMG, Sapient Consulting, Oracle, and EADS. My insights on this website are based on my 1st-hand client engagement experiences across Capital Markets, Automotive and Hi-tech verticals. Please feel free connect with me on LinkedIn.

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